Wider Reading – Cider with Rosie and Cranford

Cider with Rosie is an autobiography, it is not fiction like a novel but an account of a persons own life. Unlike a novel, it does not have the thread of a story with interacting characters connecting all it's parts. It has a different pattern with which we are all familiar. It is about childhood and growing up. We all have our own special early childhood memories and Laurie Lee seems to highlight the things we all have in common. The book starts with early childhood, early memories of people, an animal and places which then seemed strange and sometimes frightening. It goes on to describe going to school and branches out to tell us about members of his family, neighbours, tales about the neighbourhood and how the changing seasons of the year changed peoples habits and activities. Laurie Lee writes about the illnesses which brought him close to death. He writes about the entertainment to be had in those days, his first girlfriends and the book ends in his teens with the first of his family about to leave home to get married. The book is set in the village of Slad which still exists, not far from Stroud in Gloucestershire, however Laurie Lee is writing about the village as it was fifty or sixty years ago. We are reading about a past that has changed almost out of recognition. Laurie Lee uses language in an attempt to make his memories come alive, vividly and colourfully. He may use a single word: â€Å"Peas come in long shells of green pearls† Or a comparison: â€Å"The sun hit me smartly on the face like a bully† Or a very descriptive and poetic sentence: â€Å"All day she trotted to and fro, flushed and garrulous, pouring flowers into every pot and jug she could find on the kitchen floor. † All of these words, phrases, comparisons and rhythm of sentences are chosen to add spring and sparkle into what is being described. Cider with Rosie is a youthful biography set in the colourful world of over half a century ago, it is about those occasions that occur in most of our lives. This is what makes the book such an enjoyable read. Cranford is the work of Elizabeth Gaskell on the surface it appears as a quaint picture of provincial life, we are told in the first sentence it is a society of â€Å"Amazons†. However as you get deeper into the book a somewhat ironic distance from society is maintained. Throughout the book there seems to be a tender, delicate mocking of lifestyles and values which invites us to marvel and sympathize with the eccentricity of the characters. Unlike Cider with Rosie, Cranford is a novel, studying the aspects of change in the world. However like Laurie Lee, Elizabeth Gaskell writes about the people she had known in her childhood. It must also be taken into consideration that Cranford is set one hundred and fifty years ago, about one hundred years before Cider with Rosie. Cider with Rosie and Cranford are both similar and different in many ways. Both books seem to be made up of short stories rather than a novel. In fact some chapters first appear as single articles in a magazine. In Cranford this is rather like the germs of stories which are found in the letters Miss Matty has kept tied into bundles which she reads with Mary. Cranford is a series of linked sketches of life among the ladies in a quiet country village in the 1830's, it is based on Knutsford in Cheshire where Elizabeth Gaskell spent her childhood. The novel revolves around Miss Deborah Jenkyns and her gentle sister Miss Matty, daughters of the former rector. Elements of drama are provided by the death of Captain Brown whilst trying to save the life of a child, the surprising marriage of the widowed Lady Glenmire to the vulgar Mr. Hoggins, the failure of a bank which ruins Miss Matty and her rescue by the fortunate return from India of her long lost brother Peter. In my opinion the reason why Cranford is such an enjoyable read is its amusing but loving portrayal of the old fashioned customs and ‘elegant economy' of a group of middle aged figures in society. Women in Cranford are very set upon keeping up their appearances and this can make them seem somewhat fierce, never openly admitting to straightened circumstances. They would rather practice ‘elegant economy' and observe the smallest rules of etiquette. At the tea table they would wear appropriate headgear while keeping to the well-understood patterns of social visiting. To gain self-respect you had to keep your feelings hidden this was as important as status. Due to this fact Mary learns more about the great sadness in her friend Miss Matty's life through the details she fails to tell her than through the details she reveals. In the book Cider with Rosie the narrator, Laurie Lee, actually lives in the village and sees and takes part in all village activities. Whereas in Cranford the narrator, Mary Smith, is an outsider and only hears of the goings on in the village from her friend Miss Matty. The idea of social order and solidarity is most strongly seen in Cranford when Miss Matty looses all her money. The other ladies of Cranford contribute all they can to set her up as a tea-seller and sweetshop keeper even though these kind and commercial practices would not enable her to survive elsewhere. As Mary comments: ‘My father says; â€Å"such simplicity might be very well in Cranford, but would never do in the world†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Cranfords marketing may not be responding adequately to change but social forms show otherwise. Although Cranford ladies stress the importance of class distinctions, it is in fact Miss Matty's loyal servant Betty and her new, labourer husband who offer her a home. This arrangement however does not need to be put to the test because Peter returns from India with enough money to bale out his sister. Peters return brings up another illusion the ladies in Cranford hold; the fact that they can manage without men. Elizabeth Gaskell can be seen as being somewhat tongue in cheek about the self-protective, socializing characteristics of the unmarried women. But on the other hand, Elizabeth Gaskell seems to be experimenting with what might be thought of as women's narrative. Mary comments that: â€Å"I had often occasion to notice the use that was made of fragments and small opportunities in Cranford; the rose-leaves that were gathered ere they fell, to make the pot-pourri for someone who had no garden; the little bundles of lavender-flowers sent to strew the drawers of some town-dweller, or to burn in the chamber of some invalid. Similarly, Cranford is made up of ‘fragments and small opportunities', The letters, which Miss Matty reads with Mary, carried with them: â€Å"A vivid and intense sense of the present time, which seemed so strong and full, as if it could never pass away. † These letters symbolized, as they are dropped one by one into the fire, a passing of a changing world. The world around Cranford is changing but the women seem to be set in their ways. They prefer to ignore the vast economic and social changes taking place taking place in England at that time. However they cannot remain unaffected. Cranford is made up of a collection of ageing women who although want to stay as they have always done are now becoming unable to do so. Throughout the book new influences keep on creeping their way in. These begin with the arrival of Captain Brown and continue with the closeness of the railway. Cranford is a town in a world of its own but it snobbishness and old-fashioned ways must make way for the more vital energetic forces of the new age. Never the less Cranford did have some good points. The motivation of Miss Matty and her friends was based on true kindness and generosity the very qualities the industrial new age lack. In the village of Slad in Cider with Rosie, everyone was poor. It was an extremely rural dwelling. There was a church, a chapel, post office, two pubs – the Star and the Woolpack – and the Hut for penny dancers. There would have been one woman in the village who acted as midwife and another who would lay out the dead. Villagers bottled fruit, kept pigs and hens, trapped pigeons, collected kindling, fermented flowery wines and bartered home grown vegetables, eggs, rabbits and game. There was a heroic village cricket team. Life was intensely communal, with choir outings, concerts and harvest festivals. Otherwise they just amused themselves. However the village was not all ‘fields of poppies and blue skies'. There were tramps and children dying of perfectly ordinary diseases like whooping cough. Then there was the murder of Vincent, the boastful villager who had returned from New Zealand, the escape of Jones's goat: â€Å"Huge and hairy as a Shetland horse. † There was also the tale of the Browns' sad ending in the workhouse and the suicide of the beautiful Miss Flynn. Walking was probably the main form of transport in Cider with Rosie along with cycling. The whole village went on many outings which mainly consisted of walking and picnics: â€Å"Then sometimes there'd be a whole days outing, perhaps to Sheepscombe to visit relations – a four-mile walk, which to our short legs seemed further, so that we needed all day to do it. † Laurie Lee also took trips with his local choir. These outings were a great reward and had to be worked hard for. They may have ventured to places like Weston-Super-Mare or Bristol to see the docks. â€Å"The first Choir Outing we ever had was a jaunt in a farm wagon to Gloucester. † A farm wagon was probably the most common form of transport for this kind of outing up until: â€Å"The coming of the horse-brake and charabanc† Man and horse power were the only power ever known to Laurie Lee in the village of Slad, with the horse being the most powerful. You could only travel at speeds of up to eight miles an hour, which really limited where you could go, as it says in the chapter ‘Last Days': â€Å"That eight miles an hour was life and death, the size of our world, our prison. † As Laurie Lee grew older he noticed changes occurring in the village transport which he had always known and been familiar with. There was the introduction of ‘The brass-lamped motor-car', ‘the clamorous charabanc', and ‘scarlet motor-bikes. ‘ Everything began to change as new technology began to take over. Cranford is almost the complete opposite to Cider with Rosie. In Cider with Rosie walking was common and thought of as the norm but in Cranford walking was almost unheard of especially among the upper class members of society. Miss Jamieson comments: â€Å"Don't you find it very unpleasant walking? † Miss Jamieson says this as if she looks down upon those who wish to walk. Or maybe it is just that she likes to draw attention to herself and the fact that she has ‘her own carriage in the coach house' and her very own sedan chair which she always went out in even if it was to cover the shortest of distances. There was also the railway which although everyone hated as it showed the change taking place in the outside world, was still a means of transport. The main means of education in Cider with Rosie is the small village school to which all the children attend. The school was made up of only two classes which you stayed in up until the age of fourteen. School was where you met the other village children and made friends. You didn't learn much at school, you left with: â€Å"Nothing in his head more burdensome then a few mnemonics, a jumbled list of wars and a dreary image of the worlds geography. It seemed enough to get by with. † School was more of a place to learn manners and prepare yourself for when you left and had to work in a field or factory. Unlike Slad there was no village school in Cranford, children would have been sent away to a boarding school or a private tutor would be hired. Peter was sent away to Shrewsbery boarding school and was to go to Cambridge but he did not do very well. His father could not afford to hire him a private tutor and so taught him to read and write himself. In Cider with Rosie Laurie Lee talks a lot about his first girlfriends. The relationships are mainly those of a young boy whereas in Cranford there is talk of marriage and settling down. In Cider with Rosie there was young Jo, a thin girl with brushed back hair a ‘cool face' and ‘speechless grace'. She was the first girl Laurie was ever interested in. Laurie would wait for her after school when they would go and play a game together. The game was: â€Å"Formal and grave in character, its ritual was rigidly patterned. It was almost like a game of doctors, Jo would be the patient lying on the grass and Laurie would be the doctor moving his hands across her, exploring her body. They played this game every night until they were caught and even then they were just laughed at, Laurie comments: â€Å"There were no magistrates to define us obscene. † Then there was Rosie Burdock, a devious girl who had ‘sharp salts of wickedness about her' and looked at you with the ‘sly glittering eyes of her mother. ‘ The events between Laurie and Rosie are what give the book its title. Rosie was provocative. Laurie had gone to the farm to help with the haymaking when he stumbled upon Rosie behind a haycock. She had a bottle of cider and offered it to Laurie and so he had: â€Å"His first long secret drink of golden fire. † It was at this time under the hay wagon that Laurie had his first kiss: â€Å"We kissed, once only, so dry and shy, it was like two leaves colliding in air. † These images of romance in Cider with Rosie are very innocent, those of a young boy learning more and more about the world each day as he becomes adolescent. Cranford is a society of women who think they can live without men. It was unheard of for women in this period to tell a man that they were interested in them. It was not like today where it is perfectly acceptable for a woman to ask man out in those times the women had to wait to be asked by the man. In the chapter ‘A love affair of long ago' we hear of Miss Pole's cousin Mr. Holbrook who offered to Miss Matty long ago. From then on the whole chapter revolves around the ladies gossiping about why Miss Matty did not accept his offer. Also within this chapter we can see another example of class-consciousness: They did not like Miss Matty to marry below her rank. † This gives the impression that Mr. Holbrook was not looked upon as good enough for Miss Matty. When anyone in Cranford got married it made all the other ladies look to themselves and wonder if their turn would ever come. For this reason they would dress up smartly perhaps to impress the men or perhaps simply to make themselves feel better. Contact between people in Cider with Rosie is mainly by word of mouth. As the village is so small everyone hears about each other's business. Everyone hears about the death of Miss Flynn and the murder of Vincent the New Zealander. The good thing about this is the fact that everyone knows each other and however bad the crime committed they are not about to go and tell the police. To this day it is still unknown as to who committed the murder. Of course letters were written but as education was poor many people in Slad could not read or write, which made letter writing difficult. In Cranford contact was also spread by word of mouth and gossiping between the ladies but the main point of contact was through letters. Mary Smith keeps in contact with Miss Matty through letters, it is the sorting through of old letters which prompt Miss Matty to unearth the story of her younger brother, Peter. In the beginning of the book the only contact that Mary has with the village is from her occasional visits to Miss Matty. However, as the book progresses she becomes increasingly active in shaping the town she records. It is she who initiates the scheme to set Miss Matty up in her teashop and she who sends off the letter which recalls Peter. The older generations in the village of Slad in Cider with Rosie seem to make more of an effort to dress up formally then those who are younger. Laurie Lee's two Grannies, Granny Wallon and Granny Trill included. They wore: â€Å"High laced boots and long muslin dresses, beaded chokers and candlewick shawls, crowned by tall poke bonnets tied with trailing ribbons and smothered with inky sequins. † Laurie was enthralled by their attire. He would imagine many, many grannies all dressed up parading in front of him, as he puts it: â€Å"Rank upon rank of hobbling boots, nodding bonnets, flying shawls and furious chewing faces. There is talk in the chapter ‘Outings and Festivals' of Peace in 1919. Everyone was to go in fancy dress. Laurie watched everyone change. He watched as his sister Marge transformed herself into Queen Elizabeth with his other sister Phyllis as her lady in waiting. Marge wore: â€Å"A gown of ermine, a brocaded bodice, and a black cap studded with pearls. † Laurie sees his sister in a new light. She is beautiful and graceful, Laurie is awestruck. Phyllis is also looking beautiful, she is wearing: â€Å"A long chequered dress of black and white velvet, and a hat full of feathers and moths. † Ladies in Cranford weren't too fussy about what they wore. They didn't follow fashion but what they did wear made them look respectful and admirable, as it was the expected rules of dress. They observe: â€Å"What does it signify how we dress at Cranford, where everybody knows us? † When they visited other towns or villages their explanation for dress was: â€Å"What does it signify how we dress here, where nobody knows us? † So the women in Cranford stuck to clothing that was in general ‘good and plain'. There are many interesting characters in Cider with Rosie but perhaps the most amusing are the grannies. Their constant bickering and unusual habits make you feel warmth towards them. They are two very different characters. Granny Wallon was the more mysterious of the two, scurrying around never saying much about her past. She was very interested in the outside world collecting plants and taking walks in the garden: â€Å"One saw her hobbling home in the evening, bearing her cargoes of crusted flowers, till she had buckets of cowslips, dandelions, elder-blossom crammed into every corner of the house. † Then there was simple Granny Trill who seemed to the children very strange. Her pattern of life was very different to others, Laurie says: â€Å"She breakfasted, for instance at four in the morning, had dinner at ten, took tea at two-thirty, and was back in her bed at five. † Granny Trill seemed almost fierce. She was very religious and believed very much in fate, she also believed she knew what was going to happen in the future. These two Grannies were ancient enemies but their lives revolved entirely around one another: â€Å"Like cold twin stars, linked but divided, they survived by a mutual balance. † The Grannies died within two weeks of one another. Granny Trill was the first to go and once she was gone there was no further reason for Granny Wallon to live. You can tell from the constant references throughout the book that Laurie Lee has a lot of respect for his mother. She has been through a lot. She was left to bring up many children on her own after her husband left to go to war. She lives in hope of his return and when the war ends she is really exited but he never returns and ‘mother' is left to nurse a broken heart forever. Cranford also has its far share of interesting characters. There is ‘The Honourable Mrs. Jamieson', all but Mary look upon her as the local oracle although she shows herself to be quite unworthy of her status. She doesn't seem interested in others and at house-parties when everyone else is chatting and playing cards it can be counted upon that Mrs. Jamieson would be found fast asleep or eating. There is also Signor Brunoni who is a majestic figure revealed when the curtain rises on a much vaunted performance of magic in the assembly hall. He is an exotic touring conjurer who is not all he appears to be. Of course there is also the dear and innocent Miss Matty who everyone knows and loves. Unfortunately she has led a sad life of lost opportunities. She admits: â€Å"I dream sometimes that I have a little child†¦ she comes to me when she is very sorry or very glad, and I have wakened with the clasp of her dear little arms round my neck. † Finally there is Mary Smith the narrator of the novel. She has much affection for the ladies in Cranford and provides a link between the old world and the new industrial one. She is practical and down to earth, able to sort out many of her neighbours' problems and on many occasions she has the last word. I would now like to end by saying which of the two communities I would like to live in and why. Cranford is very picturesque with its ‘elegant economy' and rules of social etiquette. The people who live there are very interesting and amusing and have true qualities of kindness and generosity. If somebody gets into trouble they stick together and help each other. But Cranford is in a little world of its own. The world around them is changing but they are too determined to stick with their old fashioned traditions that they will not move with the times. For this reason I can say I would prefer to live in Slad with Laurie Lee. I like the fact that everyone knows each other and are willing to stick up for one another. Everyone one treats each other equally and they aren't as class conscious and so quick to pass judgement as those in Cranford. Slad is a more rural community where everyone chips in. There seems to be more freedom and although the education isn't brilliant at least you get to stay with your family. If you have a problem you don't have to go through it on your own, everyone will be there to support you and won't judge you for it. As far as I am concerned, Slad, the rural village of the 1940's would offer me a more fulfilling existence.

“Carpet Weavers Morrocco” by Carol Rumens Essay

Rumens, through the title of her poem is portraying a scene in Morocco, consisting of carpet weavers. This establishes a theme of work which runs throughout the poem. The title however, does not launch or even give a faint idea of the major theme contained in the poem, i.e. of social injustice and child labour. The poem begins with ‘The children’, hence taking us by surprise. Nowhere in the title was anything about children expected, the natural imagery created had been of workers weaving carpets who had naturally been assumed as adults. Nevertheless, the poem starts with these gifts of God, startling us into the reality that the poem is about these intimate pure creations. The first line of this stanza implies that these children are hard at work on the ‘loom’ used to create the carpets. On the other hand it precedes the words ‘another world’, which could change the meaning aroused by ‘loom’ into that which is on the verge of, hence implying that the children were right around the corner of another world. The ‘another world’ here is denoting the difference in the life of these children to other normal children, signifying their harsh lifestyles. The word ‘loom’ can also be visibly rhymed with the word gloom, thus pointing towards the glum atmosphere of these children. Their hair is shaped into ‘braids’ show that they have been twisted and trapped into this situation from where it is quite difficult to unravel themselves. These braids are ‘black’ and ‘oiled’. This shows that they have been seeped and covered with burdens, because of which their lives have become ‘black’, i.e. darkened and glum. Still their ‘dresses’ are ‘bright’, which points towards their childish character, implying that they may not be treated as children, but the brightness and cheerfulness of their character is still present behind all these obstructions. ‘Assorted heights’  assert that the children are of various ages. By saying that they make a ‘melodious chime’ it is signifying that when normally children of many changes accumulate together they play and their laughter creates a beautiful music. The use of the word ‘would’ however, reminds us that this is n ot the case here, as these kids are not given the customary freedom provided to most kids. The second stanza replicates the feeling of pity that had been aroused during the first stanza. The children ‘watch’ their ‘flickering knots like television’, is a simile indicating that unlike most children who watch television with apt attention, these children watch the sparkling colours of these strings going in and out of the carpet board instead. In addition the only colour and sole entertainment in their life are watching these knots coming in and out and forming magnificent designs. The ‘garden of Islam’ signifies paradise and hence peace. It is also implying that the carpets being made are the Islamic prayer mats that are usually decorated with heavenly beautiful images of paradise’s gardens. By saying that this garden is ‘growing’ the poetess is trying to ascertain that as the carpet’s design nears completion, the children will be raised to reach the higher portions of the carpet. On the other hand it could mean that as Islam grows, the burden on the children increases In addition it could be taken in the sarcastic manner to mean that as Islam grows instead of the justice system ‘the bench’, taking the side of the children it raises their benches so that they can finish more work, thus their state never becomes better. The children after being raised ‘lace’ the ‘dark-rose veins’ of the ‘tree tops’, shows that the children still put all their efforts, colours and enjoyment of life into the carpet. The specific colour of veins as ‘dark-rose’, state their delicate nature of the children which show in their carpet designs. Lacing these designs of the ‘tree tops’ show that the children are trying to reach the tops and the canopy of the world, but instead they are forced to replicate and design these high elevations instead of physically being able to reach them. The carpet then ‘travels’, and receives all the pleasure and comforts of  travelling. The carpet is also given the luxurious treatment in the merchants ‘truck’ as the merchant needs to take care of its products. Then it is ‘spread’ by the ‘servants’, denoting the royal treatment of comfort imparted on these carpets. The words ‘deep’ and ‘soft’ signify the sensation that arises from these carpets, and point out their comforts. This all shows that only the carpet is receiving the comforts, and only the carpet is seen and felt not the children or their hard work. The fact that it ‘gives’ when ‘heaped with prayer’ indicates that the carpet is the support and receiver of all the prayers. This shows that the carpet is the basic receiver of the prayers and not the children, hence emphasizing that nothing is being done about the state of these children. The last stanza of the poem finalizes the melancholic and serious condition of these children, who are working ‘hard’ in the ‘school of days’. This signifies that these children who should be going to school, which are the golden and fun days of our life, are in fact forced to work hard when they should be playing and studying and having fun. The poet states that ‘from their fingers the colours of all-that-will-be†, this phrase is actually emphasizing on the fact of kids being the future of the country, and the people who give colour and beauty to this harsh lifestyle. Nonetheless the use of the phrase ‘all-that-will-be’ comes to make us realize that this future is still yet to come, but the use of the caesura in between all the four words affirms the poet’s declaration that this is not possible and something is stopping this reality from occurring. These colours of the children ‘fly’ from their fingers and try to reach the sky however, they ‘freeze’ and die into the frame of the carpet. This shows how their creativity is only limited to the carpet and the carpet alone. The phrase ‘all-that-was’ is actually a means of connectivity with the previous phrase ‘all-that-will-be’. These two phrase work together to portray two meanings. Firstly that the carpet is recording pictures of the past and things that have already happened. The other is that of marking a major contrast between the job of a child and what these children are forced to do. As the child is the future but here they are being required to remain in the past and replicate it instead of helping to create a new future. Carol Rumens, Carpet-weavers, Morocco, consists of three stanza’s each of the same length of three verses. Written in the second form, the poem barely uses any rhyming techniques except for once in the first stanza, ‘bright’ and ‘chime’. This rhyme impresses upon children happiness and how it takes the form of brightness and happiness in the world. The poem is basically evoking the dismal and serious atmosphere surrounding these children. The themes running throughout the poem is of childhood, work, social injustice, poverty and child labour. This has been achieved magnificently through the use of clever diction.

Business process management Case Study Essay

1.How would you define â€Å"business process management†based on this video and text reading? How would you compare it to business process re-engineering, continuous improvement, and total quality management approaches? Answer: -Business Process Management is most often associated with the life cycle of a business process. The process life cycle spans identifying and improving processes that deliver business capability to deploying and managing the process when it is operational. 2.What are the major objectives of BPM? Answer: After a business process is deployed, it   must be managed, and, to manage the business process, you must have visibility into process performance. When a process is no longer meeting its performance goals, it is time to jump back in the life cycle to assess the root cause of the performance problem and to look for additional improvement opportunities. –  3. what is the significant of a â€Å"service oriented architecture?† What differences does this make for implementation,cost, and flexibility of the BPM tools? Answer: -solution to enable reuse of services across systems to eliminate data inaccuracy problems, enhance existing applications and deploy new ones 4.Why is it important that the BPM software products a Business Process Exucution Language (BPEL) Model for the IT department? Answer: using business process modeling and the IBM WebSphere Business Modeler tool to describe flows and interactions within different areas,† says Nay. â€Å"WebSphere Business Modeler can then export into Business Process Execution Language (BPEL); BPEL can be pulled into the WebSphere integration tools, becoming part of the creation of integrated processes. This helps us focus on process issues across silos, instead of having to look at issues within siloed areas.† Nay believes that by reusing services, logic previously usable in only one place can now be exploited wherever needed.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"For example, we can create a service that performs a grade lookup for the Distance Education project,† he says. â€Å"We can reuse that service repeatedly across different systems to solve different problems, saving time and money. By adopting the SOA approach using WebSphere Business Modeler, IBM Process Server and IBM WebSphere Integration Developer, 5.what is the utility of â€Å"key performance indicators â€Å"(KPI)? Answer: Business activity monitoring provides visibility over operational performance. IBM WebSphere Business Monitor is a comprehensive business activity monitoring software product that provides users with a real-time, end-to-end view of busi- ness processes and operations. WebSphere Business Monitor provides customizable business dashboards that calculate and display key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics derived from business processes, business activity data and business events from a wide range of information sources. 6.why is it important for managers to be able to â€Å"drill down† into the data and system? Answer: In order to identify the patterns that may lead to catalog errors—and quickly and appropriately act upon the detection of these patterns—IBM needed to capture, evaluate and correlate multiple events from the various systems and organizations that are involved across the enterprise. The type of processing needed for this problem is called business event processing (BEP). Business Process Management (BPM) software and services from IBM help organizations optimize business performance by discovering, documenting, automating, and continuously improving business processes to increase efficiency and reduce costs. And to easily manage their business with out worrieng about any problems – 1.What are some features of Antivia Desktop that remind you og web 2.0 technologies Answer: Antivia subscribe to the view that ideas and concepts realized through the advent of web 2.0 are Transforming the way in w/c the world expects to access and use information. 2.What is the importance of communities in the antivia Desktop? Answer: They have invested significant amounts of time,effort and money to achieve  this. Antivia desktop incorporates some web 2.0 techniques and technology to Avhieve a richer collaboration environment. 3.Why is it important that discussions are closely linked to resources (documents)? Would you find this feature a distraction, or useful? Why ? Answer: in business , in all aspect of business you should have a resources like document to manipulate you transaction even you far away to your busiiness 5.For what types of business is Antivia Desktop well suited? Answer: Any business that have a link o or connection to other, like networking company, 6.What are some drawbacks or weaknesses of the antivia system? 1.What is the ‘8 second rule’ of the internet and why is it important to m-commerce technology? Answer: The 8 second rule: it is the average maximum length of time an Internet user will wait for downloading a webpage, before he or she shuts the Internet page and goes to another website. 2.why might it be useful to m-commerce providers to have records of theirs’ purchase histories? Answer: If m-commerce is to spread, the network used has to be successful enough, otherwise consumers won’t use their smartphones as a mode of payment. 3.what is the biggest concern most cell phone users have about using m-commerce service? What are some other concerns? Answer: With records of their users’ purchase histories, m-commerce providers â€Å"get(†¦) the visibility into consumer habits that enable them to develop new products and services that are more tailored to what consumers really desire† 4.How would the widespread use of m-commerce technologies affect you life? Answer: 1.Using Porter’s competitive forces model,analyze the NBA’s market situation.How does te use of akamai help the NBA compete in this market? 2.Using Porters generic strategies model,what do you think is the NBA’s overall stategy or strategies? 3.Why is it important that all fans in the world have the same experience? 4.why is it important that individual franchising owners can build,manage, and distribute on the NBA platform their own content? 5.The word â€Å"partnership†appears several times in the video.Who are the NBA’s partners?How does the concept of strategic apply to the NBA’s partnership strategie? 1.What kinds of limitations do you see for users of telepresence?Is it really a substitute for face-to-face meeting?make a list of features of face-to-face meetings. Then consider a range of business situations as anemployee,from initial hire,to working with a team,to understanding what your boss wants,and even a termination meeting.How would telepresence work for you in these situations? 2.What are the business benefits of telepresence described in these videos? What is the benefits of a hologram? 3.In the past,work was organized into central buildings located in central locations (like cities) in order to facilitate face-to-face interactions.What impacts might telepresence have on the organization of work? How could you use tools to organize work on global scale with actually building physical facilities in remote locations? 4. Why is it important that the remote locations using telepresence have the same lighting,seating,and style? 5.What applications of telepresence would be useful for marketing to customers?

The Keynesian School of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Keynesian School of Economics - Essay Example Keynes brought out theories that form a base to understand the great depression. With the help of these theories, Keynes attempted to explain how a thing as great depression could occur and suggested actions that could help in overcoming the same. The theory also suggested a set of measures that could further avoid any such happening and could maintain a healthy equilibrium of the overall economy that could support good amount of employment along with an appropriate demand and supply. This would in turn promise that enough amount of money circulated in the market that could be used for business investments and productions to meet the demand. Individuals such as Robert Lucas, Thomas J. Sargent, and Robert Barro carried the theory forward but at the same time questioned many of its percepts. This resulted into small large modifications in the original theory and came to be know as 'The Keynesian Revolution' in which new adjustments were proposed to the original Keynesian tenets. In many aspects, the Keynesian theory departed with the classical economics that was much prevalent in those days. Keynes debated that as proposed by the classical theory, the markets would not by itself achieve a state of full employment equilibrium, but at any given point and amount of unemployment, an economy can come to a standstill and stopping any further progress. He also found the classical theory to be inadequate in providing equal financial opportunities and being unable to solve the problem of unemployment. "The outstanding faults of the economic society in which we live are its failure to provide for full employment and its arbitrary and inequitable distribution of wealth and incomes" [Keynes, 1936]. The classical theory advocated a policy of non-intervention by the state government in the economic affairs and suggested that the economy is entirely self regulating that does not require any external manipulation for it to achieve a state of balance. Whereas the Keynesian theory suggested that the economy would require appropriate manipulations to direct its growth in a desired manner and this is to be achieved by active involvement of the government by continuously managing the amount of aggregate demand. Demand is the key by which the government could exercise control over the market and the total amount of employment. " Aggregate demand shocks can cause significant changes in output and employment if agents adjust prices and wages in ways that are 'insignificantly' suboptimal from their individual standpoints" [Page 43, N. Gregory]. On this account the policies that are framed on the basis of Keynesian theories are called 'Demand Management Policies'. The Keynesian theory also does not distinguish between short-run and long-run principles as the classical theory does. Keynes suggested that the economy could stabilize at any equilibrium level of income and that it was the role of the government to verify that the given equilibrium is appropriate for the state economy. If the equilibrium does not promise total employment, the government needs to interfere by using appropriate policies to achieve the desired equilibrium. In that case the government would either have to implement reflationary policy that can boost the aggregate demand or deflationary policy that can decrease the aggregate demand in the market. The chief theories put forward by Keynes were: The Labor

Strategy Briefing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Strategy Briefing Paper - Essay Example According to Nishino (1996), there is rapid expansion in the automobile industry around the world because of the growth in the demand of passenger vehicles and the overall increase in the demand for cheaper automobile components. Governments continue to make efforts in encouraging the growth of the industry in their countries. The demand for high quality vehicles is increasing because of the growth of the population of the middle class population in many countries making the purchase of a vehicle to become a sign of financial accomplishment (Goldberg 1995). As pointed by Berry, Levinsohn & Pakes (1995) the increase in the demand for automobile components has built pressure on automotive producing companies to look for alternatives of reducing the cost of production and embrace more economic methods of production. Through the process of globalisation of the world economy, governments and trade organisations continue to encourage lowering of tariffs and reduction in trade restrictions. This continues to make the industry more competitive as each international car manufacturing company has equal access to the market. Each company is therefore expanding its production to enhance their presence in the world (Orsato & Wells 2007). The focus is mostly on the supply of vehicles that meet the expectation of consumers and at the lowest costs. Apart from cost, the major focus is also on air pollution, energy efficiency and brand meaning (Kolk & Pinkse 2004). The company should come up with models that are more efficient in terms of fuel consumption and low emission of carbon dioxide to match the current demands of customers and enhance the reputation of its brands all over the world. The company has successfully been applying the culture of acquiring other players in the industry as a means of growing and expanding its operations. To enhance the rate of growth, the

Health Care Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health Care Policy - Essay Example Strategies focused on working conditions and retention should occupy a central position in any nursing workforce revitalization plan"(Sochalski J, 2005). In connection to this, different national professional nursing organizations have chosen to play an active role in assisting legislators with not only insights but overview of this issue. The main focus of most organizations now is to increase the supply of nurses in different health institutions and act as bargaining arm in behalf of the nurses' concern. Some organizations would rather focus on long term solutions such as increasing the number of students enrolled in nursing courses, giving incentives, salary increase to existing nurses to give them more reasons to stay. Whereas, other legislators would opt for more short term solutions such as opening more opportunities for nursing to foreign workers. Needless to say, the demand for more nursing professionals compels not only the health care industry, but also the government to act fast in this continuous problem. In this writer's opinion, high tech facilities, modern equipments can only be as good as top of the line services prov ided by hospitals. Without the latter, nothing much can be expected. Looking at the abundance of legislative ... Increasing supply via education- scholarships, forgivable loans in return of service to underserved areas; funding for increased school capacity and faculty; incentives such as scholarships, tutoring, transportation and child care to attract minority students. Such policy can be well directed to education institutions, or colleges that only offer nursing courses. And probably, the government may also look at trying to recruit more males in this industry to balance out the depreciation of nurses leaving because of pregnancy, child rearing duties. Increasing supply via immigration- Expand the H1-C category for visas, which aims to bring foreign-trained and licensed nurses t the United States to provide service to underserved areas. This is a very good strategy considering that migrant workers will come to the US as full time nurses and will have their full attention to their jobs. Given that they are away from their families, they will have more focus on what they are ought to do. The government however, must make sure that qualifying exams are really at par with the quality standards of our healthcare industry. Data and Planning- establish commissions, studies, task forces and committees to analyze or monitor the nursing workforce, expand duties of nursing licensure boards to collect, monitor and utilize nursing workforce data. Probably this is the same with organizing our very own think tank, or an organization that focuses on research communications to be the main source of data related to this field. Work Environment- limit overtime, impose mandatory overtime, post staffing ratios in hospitals to inform the public, define associated disciplinary actions. Licensure Compacts- interstate recognition of nursing licenses; promote mobility.

Arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Arguments - Essay Example San Diego is also considered a well-developed city. Aside from having beautiful beaches, the city has a long chain of fine dining restaurants, shopping malls including telecommunication services like internet cafà © among others. Since most part of the city is composed of a long line of luxurious homes, the standard of living of its residences also increases. On top of the improvements in the social class and status of the people, their personal and home security is also better as compared to a village that is composed of low-income dwellers. According to Kristina Davis – a Union-Tribune staff writer, â€Å"San Diego remains one of the safest large cities in the nation as crime rate continues to fall and the number of officers on the street continues to rise† (Davis). Considering the downturn in the U.S. economic condition and the continuously increasing high unemployment rate, it is expected that criminal activities is present wherever we go. Based on the San Diego Crime Statistics Report, the total violent crime and property crime rate in San Diego is 0.97 and 0.83 times the national average (City Ratings). This figure is still considerably low as compared to other city in California. Because of safety reasons, San Diego is considered a great place to raise a family. Since parents can be more assured of the safety of their children and other family members, individuals who are employed with either small- and medium-scale businesses or large multi-national companies are able to focus on their profession better. Likewise, the city government of San Diego has managed to develop competitive and outstanding educational system for children and young adults. Given that the population of the people living in San Diego has reached a total of more than 4 million individuals throughout the metropolitan area, medical institutions situated in the city has invested a large sum of money on high-quality medical equipments and facilities aside from having

Sartre's Philosophy of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sartre's Philosophy of Life - Essay Example 346). Though Sartre does not believe in true contention, this paper analyzes the extent to which Sartre's philosophy connote a happy and prosperous life. Existentialism is a doctrine that to some extent supports and enhances human subjectivity to lead an authentic life, but at the same time it overrides the evil nature hidden behind human consciousness, and appears in a 'naturalistic' way of perceiving life. Sartre points out that man is emotional in nature and feel the way things physically appear to him. He, therefore, is free and well aware of the fact that this consciousness can bring him pain and anguish in many ways. According to Sartre it is better to say that man is unhappy and remains so, until he discovers the true purpose of his appearance in the world. Therefore, in order to live an authentic life, man must not consider such consciousness that brings him any pain or despair and obstructs in his way of attaining true freedom. A man in the world according to Warnock (1970) however, adopts some emotional attitude to which he reacts and perform towards. In order to acquire tranquility he must feel the 'sense of nothingness' which determines the true nature of his feeling (Warnock, 1970 p. 93). Other than emo Is Human Consciousness a way to happiness Other than emotional respects, Warnock (1970) points out that it is impossible for Sartre to consider the relationship between man and the world without utilizing the concept of nothingness (Warnock 1970, p. 93). Sartre perceive man, as a conscious being, which is a 'being-for-itself' and differs from other unconscious objects or subjects, which are 'beings-in-themselves'. However consciousness when marked off from other conscious beings is the ability to consider the reality or confront the reality by thinking themselves as separate from other things. Such a consciousness which creates a void inside a human being is therefore referred to as the emptiness which divides man from considering himself 'beings-in-themselves'. In this context we can say that 'nothingness' suggested by Sartre is like space which though remains outside the conscious being, has no boundaries and constitutes the distance which divides him from this world. In case we perceive 'nothingness' as internal to the 'being-for-itself', it refers to the emptiness within, which aims to fill by man's own actions, his personal thoughts and his own created beliefs. It is this possession of 'emptiness' that despairs man when he finds himself in situations making it possible for a 'being-for-itself' to perceive the world and also to act in it, by determining his own course of action by reference to an imagined future. Such imagination escorts the man to what Sartre has referred to 'bad faith' and due to this, his freedom is subjected to an unrealized potential which is the main cause of despair for the man, because while hiding behind such bad faith, no man is able to escape from taking actions or making choices. Therefore he suffers when his expectation of 'bad faith' remains unfulfilled and there he feels emotionally downtrodden and forlorn. On the other hand if man considers 'being-in-itself' and never subjects to any bad faith, he feels himself emotionally free because

Comparative essay for world literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative for world literature - Essay Example The play is built upon an aura of tragedy where most of the characters including the ruler Creon justify their decisions according to the prevalent as well as divine law but suffer the consequences. Antigone is adamant in providing a decent burial to her brother against the royal edict and tries to convince her sister Ismene about her decision who is reluctant to go against the royal edict. But Antigone who is betrothed to the son of Creon is adamant and goes ahead with the burial of Polyneices which is later reported. This is followed by a chain of tragedies when Antigone is sentenced to be buried alive in a cave, resulting in her death and subsequent suicides by the son of Creon, Haemon and the Queen Eurydice who cannot bear the grief. Although Creon was warned of his wrong decisions by Teiresias, a prophet who proclaimed that the denial of burial to Polyneices and the imprisonment of Antigone were against the wishes of the gods, he sticks to his decisions only to relent later. Alt hough Creon has protected the royal order he suffers as a result and finally agrees that his actions which were against the wishes of gods had resulted in his dismal fate. The second play ‘Ghosts’ by the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen was originally titled ‘Gengangere’ which meant ‘the ones who return’. It highlighted the moral turpitude of those times which results in tragic circumstances for an otherwise well established family in society with the main sufferer being Mrs. Helene Alving who has to bear the adversities in life due to her philandering husband Captain Alving silently while being forced to keep up an honorable image of the family to the outside world. She tries to shield her son from the evil influence of his father, but after all her penance she discovers at the fag end that the son too suffers from a disease inherited from his

Wenz view on Consumption and Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wenz view on Consumption and Consumerism - Essay Example According to Wenz, he distinguishes the aspects of both the anthropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism affecting the environmental standard of the economy. The mentalities of the people are usually centered toward the development of their standard of living and increase the per-capita income. Human beings forget to progress hand in hand with the nature. The materialistic desires of the industrialists and the high-income group of people erases out the thinking power to contribute to environment as such. The improvement of environment and the wildlife have become the least important factor in this race for monopolistic concentration of wealth. Wenz states that due to the far-stretching hands of market and extending the limits of consumerism, the valuable resources are getting scare and exploited gradually. This is also bringing frustration to buy a highly marketed good and correspondingly the level of smooth working is also interrupted. Every property, if publicly hold faces the â€Å" problem of commons†( â€Å"Reconciling environmental ethics and political value†). This leads to the damage and reduction of the property value. The sustainability of the environment receives a negative feedback in respect to the current and the future generation. With the loss of these natural resources, people in the present time period enjoys the benefits but finally leaving nothing for the upcoming generation in the next period. This thought, to work for the improvement of the social animals is causing harm to the long-term strategy of the economy. Even, in the view from the non-anthropocentric people who are engaged in the welfare of and endangered species yield economic and environmental conflicts in the society. It may happen that to save a particular species and promote the welfare of them might lead to the slaughtering of another species of plants or animals causing a misbalance in the

The National Rugby League Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The National Rugby League - Case Study Example Rugby league was one of the three major sporting codes played in the winter, between March to September. The other two were Australian Football League (AFL) and the Rugby Union. The other two had made much progress in the previous years. The AFL had successfully included the girl’s competition in the league in order to broaden its junior ranks. Rugby Union on the other hand, had become very strong and successful considering the fact that in October to November 2003, it had organized and hosted a successful and high profile rugby world cup, which generated a huge profit of $40 Million. The Union has reinvested the money into the game, to improve its league at all levels. The National Rugby League wanted to grow and to do this, it had to first deal with the issues that had arose. It had to increase or maintain the crowds in order advance. It was necessary to increase the merchandise and win sponsorship. To expand the fan base, there was a plan to target the women. There was a plan to produce a 30 seconds lead commercial that would target the women audience. To do so, the commercial would feature the muscle star athletes and the well-recognized thumping background music â€Å"It’s my game† song of the voodoo gurus. There was also a need of increasing the multi-cultural fan base, which is very important for the league’s growth and marketing of the league. This was attributed by the fact that Canterbury Bulldogs, a famous Sydney-based NRL club, had a large multi-cultural fan base from different nationalities in Sydney. ... as attributed by the fact that Canterbury Bulldogs, a famous Sydney-based NRL club, had a large multi-cultural fan base from different nationalities in Sydney. In fact, one of their top players in 2003 was a Lebanese from Triploi Lebanon, by the name Hazem El Masri. He was such an inspiration and a great role model for junior players playing amateur rugby and aspiring to join the National league. This attraction of multi-cultural fan base in turn promoted the Canterbury Bulldogs, helping them to register more sells in merchandise than other clubs in the league. Case Problems The National Rugby league faced major problems that threatened to reduce the fan base, reduce sponsorship and popularity of the league. Canterbury Bulldogs one of the top clubs was rocked with a major scandal and this threatened to cause all the named problems. National Rugby League faced a huge responsibility, of ensuring that it took proper measures to prevent future incidences of such kind. One of the scandals that rocked the league was that its top club, Canterbury Bulldogs faced a sex scandal and potential loss of sponsors. In the pre-season of 2004, the Canterbury Bulldogs visited the country town of Coffs Harbour to play Canberra raiders. The Bulldogs team spent a night at the Novotel Pacific Bay resort, and one of the clubs policy never allowed women in to the hotel rooms where players spent. After the game on Saturday February 21, some of the players sneaked and went to party in the town and returned to the resort later that night. It was three days later on February 24 that reports of a sex scandal surfaced. The media alleged that on the night of 21st, six players had sexually attacked a 20-year-old woman. The players refuted that it was an attack. Some unnamed players said that the woman

MEMO Example Essay Example for Free

MEMO Example Essay Company Name: Idea, Inc. Date: February 19, 2014 From: XXXXXXX To: MXXXX, IT Director Your absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered. Lack of State Funding †¢Over the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic inflation. †¢The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. †¢State funding has appeared to become less over the years. Does More Money Equal to a Better College †¢Students will typically go to more expensive colleges expecting a higher degree of education. †¢University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified. Faculty Costs vs. Administrative Costs †¢The rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. †¢Administrative Employees of the schools tend to make more money than faculty. Response If you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by phone during your regular business hours, or anytime through email. XXX XXXXX University Of Massachusetts Lowell Email: [emailprotected] Phone: (XXX)XXX_XXXX Company Name: Idea, Inc. Date: February 19, 2014 From: XXXXXXX To: MXXXX, IT Director Your absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered. Lack of State Funding †¢Over the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic inflation. †¢The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. †¢State funding has appeared to become less over the years. Does More Money Equal to a Better College †¢Students will typically go to more expensive colleges expecting a higher degree of education. †¢University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified. Faculty Costs vs. Administrative Costs †¢The rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. †¢Administrative Employees of the schools tend to make more money than faculty. Response If you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by phone during your regular business hours, or anytime through email. XXX XXXXX University Of Massachusetts Lowell Email: [emailprotected] Phone: (XXX)XXX_XXXX Company Name: Idea, Inc. Date: February 19, 2014 From: XXXXXXX To: MXXXX, IT Director Your absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered. Lack of State Funding †¢Over the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic inflation. †¢The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. †¢State funding has appeared to become less over the years. Does More Money Equal to a Better College †¢Students will typically go to more expensive colleges expecting a higher degree of education. †¢University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified. Faculty Costs vs. Administrative Costs †¢The rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. †¢Administrative Employees of the schools tend to make more money than faculty. Response If you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by phone during your regular business hours, or anytime through email. XXX XXXXX University Of Massachusetts Lowell Email: [emailprotected] Phone: (XXX)XXX_XXXX Company Name: Idea, Inc. Date: February 19, 2014 From: XXXXXXX To: MXXXX, IT Director Your absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered. Lack of State Funding †¢Over the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic inflation. †¢The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. †¢State funding has appeared to become less over the years. Does More Money Equal to a Better College †¢Students will typically go to more expensive colleges expecting a higher degree of education. †¢University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified. Faculty Costs vs. Administrative Costs †¢The rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. †¢Administrative Employees of the schools tend to make more money than faculty. Response If you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by phone during your regular business hours, or anytime through email. XXX XXXXX University Of Massachusetts Lowell Email: [emailprotected] Phone: (XXX)XXX_XXXX Company Name: Idea, Inc. Date: February 19, 2014 From: XXXXXXX To: MXXXX, IT Director Your absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered. Lack of State Funding †¢Over the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic inflation. †¢The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. †¢State funding has appeared to become less over the years. Does More Money Equal to a Better College †¢Students will typically go to more expensive colleges expecting a higher  degree of education. †¢University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified. Faculty Costs vs. Administrative Costs †¢The rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. †¢Administrative Employees of the schools tend to make more money than faculty. Response If you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by phone during your regular business hours, or anytime through email. XXX XXXXX University Of Massachusetts Lowell Email: [emailprotected] Phone: (XXX)XXX_XXXX Company Name: Idea, Inc. Date: February 19, 2014 From: XXXXXXX To: MXXXX, IT Director Your absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered. Lack of State Funding †¢Over the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic inflation. †¢The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. †¢State funding has appeared to become less over the years. Does More Money Equal to a Better College †¢Students will typically go to more expensive colleges expecting a higher degree of education. †¢University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified. Faculty Costs vs. Administrative Costs †¢The rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. †¢Administrative Employees of the schools tend to make more money than faculty. Response If you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by phone during your regular business hours, or anytime through email. XXX XXXXX University Of Massachusetts Lowell Email: [emailprotected] Phone: (XXX)XXX_XXXX Company Name: Idea, Inc. Date: February 19, 2014 From: XXXXXXX To: MXXXX, IT Director Your absence at the meeting was greatly missed. We presented issues about why college tuition has been on the rise for the past 40 years. Here is a brief overview on the topics covered. Lack of State Funding †¢Over the past few decades state funding has not kept up with the rise of economic inflation. †¢The average inflation rate for college tuition is nearly double the economies. †¢State funding has appeared to become less over the years. Does More Money Equal to a Better College †¢Students will typically go to more expensive colleges expecting a higher degree of education. †¢University of Massachusetts Lowell and North Eastern University both offer the same high educational criteria with their Business Schools AACSB certified. Faculty Costs vs. Administrative Costs †¢The rise in administrative jobs has increased, whereas the Faculty jobs have stayed neutral. †¢Administrative Employees of the schools tend to make more money than faculty. Response If you have any comments or questions please feel free to contact me by phone during your regular business hours, or anytime through email. XXX XXXXX University Of Massachusetts Lowell Email: [emailprotected] Phone: (XXX)XXX_XXXX

Roles and Functions of the Music Industry

Roles and Functions of the Music Industry The music industry is one of the largest creative industries in the world, combing different elements of the business to produce and sell music to its audience. The development of the industry has evolved on a very large scale since the 19th century, when it was the printed sheet music being the leading product. Moving forward with societys technological progression, in the 20th century, the way we were listening to music was changing with it becoming ubiquitous. popular music was an early global commodity, with record companies establishing branches around the world for both marketing and the recruitment of talent at the beginning of the twentieth century, (Gronow and Saunio, 1998). When these record labels began to emerge, they were producing and selling more recorded music, CDs, cassettes and live performances and introducing more musical genres to the world. All of these aspects have brought us to todays technologically advanced society, making the music business a very powerful industry consumed by the masses. In this essay I shall discuss the role and functions of the music industry, drawing upon particular theorists opinions including Theodor Adorno. I will also touch upon the study of popular music and the many factors contributing to the current crises of the music industry itself. In an age where music has become one of the more dominant and influential forms of entertainment in our society, the factors driving its production should be explored. Firstly, I shall look at the concept of music ownership. Record companies have an enormous amount of control over what music gets produced and what doesnt as it is the main goal for them to sell and make profit. They will not sign an artist unless they truly believe that they will make them money. The major companies in the business today are, Sony BMG, Universal Music, EMI and Warner Music, which are collectively known as The Big Four who then own smaller labels as well. After managing the production and distribution of the music, it is their responsibility to handle the marketing for musical artists, organising promotions, music videos, endorsements and so on, giving the artist well-known status among the mass audience. In the early days of this music industry, being signed to a label was essential for an artist to b e successful. However, in todays digitally advanced world, it is much easier for an artist to have their music shared with an audience using information technology like the internet, which paved the way for independent labels becoming more popular as well. In the documentary Money for Nothing, they go behind the business of pop music and look at how it has changed in this society of digitally experienced consumers. We are shown insights from music journalists and artists about corporate control and the restraints given to contemporary music. With major labels only looking at the artists who they believe are the most profitable, the independent labels take on artists that they can help develop and take risks with different talent. Although, with the current economic climate and the decline in revenue from various aspects of the industry, even the independent labels are having trouble staying out of the corporate system. REFERENCE. Recording companies becoming this hyper commercialized system is a largely stated opinion among musical talents and media theorists. Major record labels are owned by the huge media conglomerates that are the core reason why creativity in music has become so limited. The conglomerates of the industry use the re cord companies to sign acts that can get them the quick sell as the only aim for them as a business is to make a profit. Cross media marketing or synergy, is something these conglomerates use to make this profit and to develop other media industries. They buy into other companies in entertainment, which they can then use to advertise and sell across different markets. The music industry on the other hand is completely dependent on the media as a promoter, user and distributer of its products. Most professional musical artists communicate with their audience primarily via some kind of electronic medium and only a fraction of the audience is able to experience the artists live performance. For instance, Warner Music Group, one of the largest media conglomerates, owns various entertainment companies including television, film and publishing along with music labels. The record labels use these companies to advertise and promote artists across markets such as radio, television and retail which are then consumed by the mass audience. A successful example in the current music charts is Ellie Goulding and her new song which is a cover of Elton Johns Your Song. It was not that popular to start with as Goulding is not an extremely well known artist compared to other artists currently in the charts. However, when the music label gave permission for the retail chain, John Lewis, to use the song in their new Christmas advertisement, the song rocketed up the charts and is now a favourite for Christmas number one. Goulding has begun to appear on radio and television promoting the song and she has become a household name in a matter of weeks, all thanks to the instant fame John Lewis have given her. This shows how popular music is so commercially driven and how the absence of real talent, experimentation and creativity in music has begun to disappear. Most of todays new acts are manufactured because this is cheaper and easier for labels to produce rather than finding new talented artists. With television shows such as The X Factor, a concept of combining reality television with the music industry, created by music mogul Simon Cowell, we are brought together as this unthinking homogenous mass with the music acting as a social cement. We are being brainwashed through these simple ideologies of music, rendering us as a passive and unthinking mass audience. Adorno argues that the whole structure of popular music is standardized, even where the attempt is made to circumvent standardization. In his work he characterizes popular and serious music of which he then uses to underline his theory of popular music being standardized. This theory highlights that pop music is just a product of mass culture, and how the formula of producing a song is just endlessly replicated with a fixed structure and yet creates the illusion of creativity, what Adorno refers to in his theory of pseudo-individualisation. The song structure is replicated so much so, that the consumers do not actually realise they have heard it before, what Adorno refers to as pre-digested. So the listening of a song is not spontaneous and no intellect is required as it has done the thinking for them and the listeners consume what is already familiar. However, I do believe that with the current crisis of the music industry, there is a certain layer of pop music that is standardized but there is still an element of creative autonomy. Although saying that, the industry will always be driven by money and not creativity as that is the prerogative of a capitalist society we live in today. Compared to popular music, serious music is not standardized as it is produced with the whole aesthetics of a song in mind and every detail derives its musical sense from the concrete totality of the piece. With serious music being genres such as folk, pre-industrial music, classical, or art music, it is focusing on the experimentation and meaning of a piece rather than the repetitive, fixed structure of a popular song. Independent music labels have a slightly different outlook on producing music compared with the major labels. They take a less economic approach and more a social approach to music and without a corporate conglomerate steering them they can decide what to produce. However without corporate finances indie labels still have trouble getting the music out there to be heard. Not wanting to be a part of the commercial music industry, the American punk band Fugazi stayed with their independent record label Dischord Records which was also co-founded by the bands guitarist Ian MacKaye, refusing offers to become part of major label. Their main focus was their music and they did not want to rip off their listeners, which a major label would make them do. Michael Azerrad mentions in Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground 1981-1991, In response not only to a corrupt music industry but to an entire economic and political system they felt was fraught with greed for money and powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Fugazi staked out the indie scene as the moral high ground of the music industry; from then on, indie wasnt just do-it-yourself, it was Do the Right Thing. This is one example where the music is more important than the sell and the artist keeping control over their music. Even when managing to not sell out to the commercial music industry, Fugazi gained loyal fans through their honest and passionate attitudes towards their music and do not charge extortionate amounts of money for tickets to their performances or CDs escaping the capitali st business. However, for the major record labels, charging large amounts of money for concert tickets seem to be the only way for an artist to make money these days. With the music industry in a crisis, losing money through illegal downloading and file sharing over the internet, artists are losing money through CD sales so have to charge more money for ticket prices to make up for this loss. Going back to the use of synergy in the music business, we have come to find that the status of Radio itself has also changed. With radio stations being owned by the bigger conglomerates, they are not spontaneous anymore, when playing different types of music. It used to be that, Radio DJs would play the music that they believed was good music and having their particular music personality broadcasted to their listeners. Today, the conglomerates that own the stations have a strong say in what gets played. For instance, there would be a particular song they have to play a number of times in so many hours, so technically they have no control over whats played. Adornos belief on how culture gets polluted when it meets commerce plays a quiet role here. The media conglomerates controlling the radio stations are selling the listeners an illusion. They are hiring celebrities as DJs who know little or sometimes nothing about music other than their own personal interests to host shows, who the n become these big media personalities become with the public from media marketing and promotion. For example, Vernon Kay, BBC Radio 1 DJ, was a TV presenter before his big break in to radio in 2004. His television status made him a well known name, and so naturally he was then hired to be the DJ for a prime spot on a mainstream station. So, overall, they are selling him more than the station, to acquire a larger proportion of listeners. It was radio play of music that constituted its popularity, but with many radio stations sounding the same nowadays, only playing the popular chart music, it is much harder for unknown bands and artists to get air time on the more popular stations. Looking back at the documentary Money For Nothing again, we can see that there are the four main companies that reach consumers in the selling of music. From the production at the record companies, the music then gets played over the radio, the music videos will be shown on television and then touring will promote the music. For manufactured new artists, the record companies will pay other radio stations to play this music so its heard by the masses, and then this will also give the opportunity to promote other areas of the industry that they own. So in the end, the variety of music heard on the radio has now decreased on a large scale. Coming into todays digitally advanced world, the music industry has fallen into a crisis. In a generation where virtually everything is digitally recoverable, the sales of records are on continuing decline, not only from legal downloads from sites such as iTunes, but illegal file sharing over the internet has also become major factor. In an interview with Simon Frith for the online music magazine Perfect Sound Forever, Simon Frith says that, With digital CDs, records can now live forever and there is far more back catalogue available and less incentive to buy records that just came out. iTunes is one of these catalogues where music files from virtually any artist are readily available to purchase. It was established in 2001 by the global corporation Apple and has since been one of the main outlets of digital media. Napster, was a peer to peer file sharing service online created by a university student, Shawn Fanning. It began in 1999, allowing people to share their music libraries across this system. This service became very popular with its easier way of obtaining music files that could be expensive to purchase or just hard to come by. However with this technology its popularity grew to over 20 million users and music artists and bands became more aware of the seriousness of the copyright infringements of the company. Metallica and Dr Dre were one of the first bands to sue Napster for copyright violations of their music with a successful outcome. Rapper Dr Dre stated that I work hard making music thats how I earn a living. This is a shared opinion of all musical artists as they are losing money through file sharing technology, and this is ultimately damaging the future of the industry. In the end Napster had to stop the service, but not completely shut it down. They turned it into a subscript ion service to abide by the copyright laws; however this still did not get them out of the financial struggle they were in, paying legal settlements to the music industry. They finally went bankrupt and had to liquidate their business. Even though the illegal file-sharing was stopped through Napsters service, the core idea and technology has gone on to a larger problem with many more illegal downloading services such as Limewire, Ares or torrent software. These newer services have built upon Napsters original technology and have made a larger dent in the music industrys revenue today. Even Fanning saw the greater potential for peer to peer technology stating, peer-to-peer technology or distributed computing also has tremendous opportunity for sharing resources or computing power, lowering information and transaction costsPeer-to-peer also has the potential to change todays understanding of the relationship between source and site. He saw how this could make searching for files easie r, explaining that it is less complicated and less time consuming to just let a program find the file source to rather than connecting to a central server. Looking at the music industry as a whole, the main aspects of technology, music and commerce Conclusion: Internet has made music ubiquitous. Using our emotions and vulnerability to sell us music catharsis adorno synergy, which Ben H. Bagdikian, in his book Media Monopoly,

Performance Study of Multiphase Catalytic Monolith Reactor

Performance Study of Multiphase Catalytic Monolith Reactor Performance study of multiphase catalytic monolith reactor and its comparison with the performance of trickle bed reactor (TBR) Xiaofeng Wang Introduction Multiphase reactors are found in diverse applications such as in manufacture of petroleum-based fuels and products, in production of commodity and specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, herbicides and pesticides, in production of materials and in pollution abatement [1]. A key motivation for implementing multiphase reactor technology has largely been driven by the discovery and development of new or improved catalysts for either emerging or existing processes [2]. A wealth of products are produced in multiphase catalytic reactions. Among the multiphase reaction systems, the monolith reactor, slurry bubble column and the trickle bed reactor (TBR) (Figure 1) are being used most extensively. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the pilot scale trickle bed reactor Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the pilot scale monolith reactor [3] In general, monolith reactors refer to reactors that contain catalysts with certain structures or arrangements (Figure 2). According to this definition, there are many different types of monolith reactors, such as honeycomb, foam, and fiber reactors, etc. Usually monolith reactors refer to those containing catalysts with parallel straight channels inside the catalyst block. Monoliths can carry active catalyst in two ways: the surface can have a washcoat of the active catalyst, or the structure can be impregnated with active catalyst. Monolith reactors offer several advantages over traditional random fixed beds or slurry reactors, such as better mass transfer characteristics, higher volumetric productivity for a smaller amount of catalyst, elimination of filtration step and lower pressure drop. In recently years, monoliths as multiphase reactors to replace trickle-bed and slurry reactors have received more and more attention. The honeycomb monolith has been very successful in gas phase reactors, most notably as the structured support for the conversion of pollutants in vehicle exhausts. The potential of monoliths to act as a catalytic support for multiphase reactions has been recognized for over 20 years and much recent work has been done to extend the application of monoliths to liquid and gas–liquid systems [4, 5]. Monoliths offer the benefits of an absence of a need for filtering catalyst from the product, low pressure drop, high geometrical surface area, safer operation and, perhaps most significantly, potentially easy scale-up. However, the latter is crucially dependent upon being able to achieve an even gas–liquid distribution across the channels. Furthermore, maldistribution can lead to a wide residence time distribution across the radial section of mon olith with consequently lower selectivity, ineffective catalyst usage and hot spots in the reactor [5, 6]. Some of the applications that have been proposed or explored include: hydrodesulphurization of oil, liquefied coal, and dibenzothiophene; hydrogenation or dehydrogenation associated with various aromatic compounds; oxidation reactions. Applications of monolith structured packed beds used for distillation and adsorption have also been reported. Now research has been done on monolith reactors in many areas, such as preparation and extruding techniques, applications and performance to various reactions, flow regime and hydrodynamics studies, mass and heat transfer, and modeling and simulation including computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation [7-10]. This report will analyze and summarize the performance of catalytic monolith reactor on the different reactions, such as hydrogenation, dehydrogenation [11-18] and oxidation [19-22] reactions, and mostly focus on the studies published in the last 10 years. Advantages Of Monolith Reactors For multiphase reaction applications, different types of conventional reactors have been used in industry. The major ones are the trickle bed reactor (TBR), slurry bubble column reactor and the stirred tank slurry reactor. Each reactor type has its own advantages and shortcomings. A TBR is a convenient reactor compared to slurry bubble column reactor and the stirred tank slurry reactor, although larger particles must be used to guarantee moderate pressure drop. However, on the catalyst surface, where the liquid is either depleted or imperfectly covers the catalyst surface, dry areas are encountered: these substantially reduce the liquid–solid contacting efficiency of the trickle-bed reactor [23]. Besides, local hot spots may develop and cause runaways. Adding to the problem are the low gas–liquid velocities required to avoid excessive pressure drop. This requirement results in high operational costs and low productivity. For the slurry bubble column reactor and stirred tank reactor, the slurry catalysts are very small, which needs the reactors offer very simple reactor geometry, high heat removal, excellent mass transfer characteristics, and a high effectiveness factor. Moreover, it is very difficult to separate product and catalyst, and catalyst attrition in these reactors. Another major drawback of conventional reactors for multiphase reactions is the difficulty of scale-up to industrial size units [24]. Monolith reactors, as novel reactors, can overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages with their excellent design. Monolith catalysts or monolith reactors have some common features in most of the applications they are used for. These features or characteristics include: (1) low pressure drop especially under high fluid throughputs; (2) elimination of external mass transfer and internal diffusion limitations; (3) low axial dispersion and backmixing, and therefore high product selectivity; (4) larger external surface; (5) uniform distribution of flow (gas phase); (6) elimination of fouling and plugging, and thus extended catalyst lifetime; (7) easy scale-up, etc [25]. Monolith reactors with these features or characteristics can make up the shortcomings of conventional reactors and can be an attractive alternative to other conventional multiphase reactors. Monolith Reactor Performance And Comparison With TBR Among the various chemical reactions occurring in broad range of industrial application areas, catalytic gas-liquid-solid reactions are widespread [10, 23]. These reactions occur extensively in chemical, petroleum, petrochemical, biochemical, material, and environmental industrial processes for a wide variety of products (such as hydrogenation, oxidation, and alkylation). Recent research has shown that monolithic reactors with a gas–liquid flow in small regular channels with an active component deposited on the walls can lead to performance enhancement in comparison with such conventional multiphase reactors as trickle bed [14, 26-28] and slurry reactors [29-31]. The performance enhancement is mainly attributed to the more intensive contact between all phases and better mass transfer inherent in the slug flow, which is characterized by the passage of elongated gas bubbles being separated by liquid slugs [32]. As a rule, research on monolithic reactors is focused on two different options with regard to practical realization. The first one is the application of monolithic systems as alternative to batch reactors, where a fixed catalyst (instead of a suspended catalyst) is used at superficial velocities needed for maximum conversion [33, 34]. The second one is the utilization of monolithic catalysts in the column type reactors, which usually employ randomly packed catalyst particles [35]. In this section, I select two different kinds of reactions to discuss the performance of a monolith reactor. And the performance is compared with that of a TBR operated at conditions typically employed for TBR. Moreover, I will point out some potential research orientations on the basis of the main problems encountered in recent research. Selective Hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol To Butane-1,4-diol Catalytic, multiphase hydrogenation has been carried out commercially for over a century. A huge variety of reactions are accomplished via this process, using predominantly heterogeneous catalysts. In addition, product values and volumes vary enormously: by several orders of magnitude. Given this diversity it is therefore perhaps somewhat surprising that these reactions are carried out for the most part in just one reactor type: the stirred tank reactor. Furthermore, this type of reactor has been at the core of industry for over a century [36]. There are a number of other well-established alternatives used in the large-scale chemical industries [37] including the TBR, which is used almost exclusively in refinery hydroprocessing and extensively for hydrogenation in petrochemical plants. However, these reactor designs prove difficult to scaleup as key length-scales do not scale in a similar fashion. Monolith reactors, as novel reactors, can overcome the drawbacks with their distinctive design. A comparison between the monolithic reactors with traditional trickle bed reactors was reported by Fishwick et al. for a model reaction in both terms of activity and selectivity [29]. Besides, the scale-out of a single channel to larger monoliths of 1256 and 5026 channels is analyzed, demonstrating the potential for rate and selectivity enhancements whilst allowing ease of scale-out. The selective hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol was studied as the model reaction. This is a consecutive reaction widely applied in the production of butane-1,4-diol, a raw material used in the polymers industry and in the manufacture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) [38]. Several side reactions are possible, as illustrated in Figure 3, for example the 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde and its cyclic hemiacetal, 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, as a consequence of double-bond isomerisation and hydrogenolysis reactions [15]. Figure 3. Reaction scheme for hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol Conclusion The monolith reactor achieved the highest selectivity towards the alkene intermediate in the hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol when compared to trickle bed reactors. 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